Economics Indicator Paper and Graph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Indicator Paper and Graph - Essay Example From the diagram above it is clear that the number of houses have increased from the 1940 until it reached a peak in the 1970, from the 1970 to day to the number of houses built has declined over the years. From the above diagram it is clear that interest rates have declines from 1999 until 2004 where interest rates have risen to date, interest rates are the cost of borrowing funds and therefore with the increase in interest rates means that les houses are built or the demand for houses has declined as the cost of funds increase with interest rates. Keynes emphasised the importance of the level of interest rates on investment levels, according to Keynes when interest rates were high then the level of cost of funds was high and the level of investment would be low, if interest rates declined then the level of investment would rise, therefore according to Keynes the interest rate investment relationship can be simplified in the following graph. The classical theorist also recognise the importance of interest rates in the determination of the investment levels, however classical theorist also show the importance of the interest rates as a tool used by the government to fine tune the economy of a country, the interest rates are increased to reduce money supply in the economy in order to avoid inflation. The housing industry is more at home with the classical theories, classical theorist were referred to as classical theorist because any economic theory developed after them have borrowed a leaf from them, they are also referred to as classical because of their unquestionable explanation of economics and because they brought order into economic enquiry. The construction industry in California therefore has been affected by interest rates, interest rates affect the level of investment, when the interest rates affect the investment level then they affect the supply side, further the interest rates also

Negative Cannabis Essay Example for Free

Negative Cannabis Essay Youngsters use cannabis these days too. Marijuana users are at increased risk of impairment of memory, attention, concentration, and judgement. It is a high risk for youngsters at the age of 14 to 17 years old to use; whereas many youngsters use cannabis as often as they smoke a cigarette these days. Children start taking cannabis because they have easy access to buying this drug at a young age. This can be from their mates who are dealing. Dealers will sell to anyone for their profit and I think youngsters taking this drug shouldnt have easy access to buying it. The level of harm should make no difference. Heavy use of cannabis may cause the user to lack interest in work, relationships, and personal health, which is known as Amotivational Syndrome. Cannabis is most likely to effect women that use the drug; where it can disrupt their menstrual cycle and gives them an increased risk of fertility problem. Smoking marijuana damages short-term memory, which occurs because of a chemical found in cannabis, called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which affects the memory part of the brain called the hippocampus. When cannabis is smoked it can cause: coughing, asthma, upper respiratory problems, racing heart, feeling tense and dizzy. A user might also feel light-headed or faint. Different people that use cannabis might feel differently towards the drug, some might not even feel any effects. Clearly cannabis has complicated effects on the users memory, but its effects have been varied in many cases with the user. Whether cannabis is harmful of beneficial is still unknown and depends on the users biology and point of view, when taken. Using cannabis is heavily restricted in many countries, and in many years it may be legalised in some countries. It is legal to use in some countries like Hong Kong. From all my research that Ive done there is still a positive and negative outcome towards cannabis. That doesnt mean the drug is safe or unsafe to use. But cannabis is a well known by most people and some people believe it is a less harmful drug than others although this has not been confirmed.

The Benefits of Medical Marijuana Essay -- Pro Marijuana Legalization

INTRODUCTION Marijuana, also known as weed, hemp, cannabis, pot, herb, grass, etc., is the most common illegal drug in the United States. Marijuana is also known to be a gateway drug because it can lead people to do more serious drugs. Marijuana is a dried plant often smoked like a cigarette or in a bong or pipe. A common argument today is why marijuana should be legalized for medicinal purposes. Although some will claim marijuana should not be legalized for medicinal purposes because it has harmful effects and is a gateway drug, I feel that it should be legalized. Marijuana should be legalized for medicinal purposes because it has many positive effects on diseases and health conditions. Marijuana should also be legalized for medicinal purposes because it is safer and less toxic than many other drugs that physicians are prescribing every day. For over 10,000 years, the marijuana plant has been used by humans. Marshall (2005) stated, â€Å"The first record of human consumption of marijuana for medicinal or recreational purposes dates back to 2737 B.C., when the Chinese emperor Shen Neng recorded the use of cannabis to treat gout, malaria, beriberi, rheumatism and poor memory.† (p.136). In India, marijuana was being used for medicinal purposes by 1500 B.C., in Greece by 70 A.D., and by the early 1500’s in Europe. (Marshall, 2005, p.136). Over centuries, it continued to grow around the world as people used it for different reasons. Seppa (2010) reported that today medicinal marijuana is legally used to treat different medical conditions in fourteen states in the United States. This requires some paper work and a recommendation from a doctor stating the medicinal purpose of the marijuana. If the patient does not w... ...ription and OTC drugs. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from http://blog.marijuanamedicine.com/?p=50 Marshall, P. (2005, February 11). Marijuana laws. CQ Researcher, 15, 125-148. Retrieved July 30, 2010, from CQ Researcher Online. http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2005021100. Seppa, N. (2010, June 19). Not just a high: Scientists test medicinal marijuana against MS, inflammation and cancer. Science News, 177 (13), p. 16(5). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from Academic OneFile via Gale. University of California - San Diego (2007, October 25). Smoked cannabis proven effective in treating neuropathic pain. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071024141745.htm Wilson, C. (2005). Miracle weed. New Scientist, 185, 38-41. Retrieved July 30, 2010, from OmniFile Full Text Select database.

Essay --

Introduction: The microgrid system comprising of small-scale distributed generation system and loads can be promptly incorporated by means of the renewable energy sources [1-2]. Numerous researches have been conducted on the microgrid notion [3-5]. The performance of microgrid system is complex and irregular while some microsources are associated. In order to understand the behavior of a microgrid with several microsources, key issues such as microgrid control, stability and protection have to be considered in detail. Background: The increasing require of electricity, fast exhaustion of fossil fuels, diminution of CO2 emissions, in conjunction with the incapability and ineffectiveness of present electricity grid are motivating chief changes in electricity production, circulation and consumption guides around the globe. In recent times, smart electricity grid configurations comprised with interlinked small or medium dimension generators, energy storage elements as well as power electronic technologies have been germinated to find the key limitations of the conventional grid structure. Microgrids are major ingredients of these promising grid configurations. Even though microgrids are received as feasible solutions to power stability and quality topics in ac power systems, the ambiguity in the capacity of microgrids are to deal with serious changeable load and fault situation is the most important pertain in the function of these novel grid confi gurations. In the previous decennium, enormous attentions were elevated on the subject of distributed generation units, for instance solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbine generators, fuel cells, and so on. These Distributed Generations ... ...bjectives: The focus of this research proposal is to develop of a microgrid management system for reliable operation which will be incorporated with modeling, controlling, and power management of microgrid applications. Toward this proposal a theoretical investigation of the basic function of a feeble grid will be presented. A novel grid management strategy under changeable loads will be proposed for power management. Simulation work and experimental test will also carry out to demonstrate and validate the proposed control system for the operational improvement of the DG networks. The main objectives of this research project can be described as †¢ Development of novel control techniques, flexible and advanced, for system control improvement in a feeble power system. †¢ Improvement of power conversion efficiency. †¢ To examine how a feeble power system can be built up

Respect to Culture Essay

This paper will highlight the key issues that Kellogg’s should consider when deciding to expand to the country of Jordan. Will the people living in Jordan able to afford this product? What are the values connected to the people that will force them to purchase it? What is needed to fill this heterogeneous culture? All these questions will be answered in this paper with respect to the product Special K by Kellogg’s. Homogenous vs. Heterogeneous with Respect to Culture The population of Jordan is divided into different ethnic groups which include the Bedouins, the people from Circassia and the Palestenians. The majority of the Jordanians is from the Arab descent and form a population of around 4. 4 million (The Royal Hashemite Court). These Arabs have migrated into Jordan from numerous origins. These people mainly travelled in tribes and whole tribes used to migrate into Jordan before the 19th Century. The population also includes some proportions of Muslim refugees from Caucasus who migrated to Jordan when Russia invaded. Jordan also houses some Americans and small groups of Chechens. Therefore the culture in Jordan is expected to be pretty heterogeneous as the population includes people from diverse backgrounds and descents. There is heterogeneity of languages being taught and learnt in Jordan. People in Jordan are given complete freedom to preach their religion, teach their language and promote their culture. This makes Jordan so culturally diverse and rich. The different ethnic groups have their own clubs, places of worships, schools and associations which has allowed the heterogeneity of culture to remain in Jordan. There has been a tradition of appreciation and tolerance for the diverse cultural background. Around 6% of the population comprises of Christian population but the majority 92% consists of Sunni Muslim population (The Royal Hashemite Court). Hence, some similarities in culture can also be expected as almost 9 out of every 10 people in Jordan are Sunni Muslims. These Sunni Muslims belong to same sect of the same religion which makes their religious activities the same. Hence we can conclude that Kellogg’s will have to consider the diverse cultural background as the population are from different countries and descents, however, the same religion of most of the people is going to make it easier for Kellogg’s to penetrate the market as the religious views and values will be the same for most of the people in Jordan. Needs that Kellogg’s Special K can Fill in this Culture Kellogg’s Special K mostly attracts the people who are aware and conscious about their health. Boosting the physical activity for attaining better fitness is the goal of most of the people in the developed nations now. Increased physical activity can not only improve the mood but also improve the health of a person. The people of Jordan require a little addition to their lives which can be added to their daily routine and can have a good affect on their health. The ethnically diverse population of Jordan has different practices for maintaining their health. Some people go for a brisk walk, while others regularly go to the gym. The median population in Jordan is around 22 years old which means the population is pretty young. Most of these people are health conscious and engage in regular physical activity to stay fit. The target market of Kellogg’s Special K will be the urban population which consists of 78% of the total population. The urban population is the wealthy lot which has concerns about their health and body weight. This population can be targeted by telling them the health benefits of consuming Kellogg’s Special K. Kellogg’s Special K website includes expert advice of how to get slimmer, Body Mass Index (BMI) calculator and free personal planner (Kellogg’s). It also includes the nutritional plan for the whole day and informs about the nutrition that Special k provides. The population of Jordan is yet not informed about the importance of breakfast and hence this is the perfect time to introduce the Special K with variety of nutrient intake. Can Enough People Afford the Product? Around 15% of the population in Jordan lives below the poverty line which means that they do not have enough money to afford the basic necessities of life. The economy of Jordan is amongst the smallest in the Arab world. There are insufficient supplies of food, water and other health care items. In other words, the economy was suffering from poverty until ten years back King Abdullah implemented changes in foreign policies and economic reforms that took Jordan to a higher level. In the current situation, Jordan’s economy has not been so hard hit like the other economies because of the isolation from the international market (CIA). However, the top ten percent population has the highest percentage share of total income. Around 30% of the total income is being earned and spent by the top ten percent of the population and this population can certainly afford Kellogg’s Special K. The GDP per capita has risen to US$ 5,300 which is a lot higher than many developing countries. Around 13% of the population is unemployed in Jordan but still the imports of the country amounted to US$ 12 billion in 2009 which indicates that many people in the country can afford to have foreign goods imported. The most imported items include oil, machinery, equipment, iron and cereal and the major import partners are USA, Saudi Arabia, China and Germany (CIA). Hence it can be expected that enough people will purchase the Kellogg’s Special K who are in the top income group and have concerns for their health. Values Relevant to the Purchase and Use of Special K The Bedouins find it hard to search for food as most of them are still nomadic in nature. What they need is some form of dried food which can be consumed at any time of the day or night without water and other staple food. Kellogg’s Special K can be consumed with milk and milk is available abundantly to these nomadic tribes as they have many animals such as camels, sheep and goats which give milk. The Palestinians who left their homeland in the wars of 1967 and 1948 and came to Jordan stilled have not settled down and many do not have living spaces. These people can be provided with Kellogg’s Special K as it is a dry food and it does not require special handling like other local foods. The value of Special K is pretty high because of the nutrient contents of the cereal. Most of the population is now getting educated and moving into urban cities and adopting the foreign lifestyle. As the penetration of television is also increasing in the population, they are starting to follow the Western lifestyle which includes a healthy breakfast. Therefore the value of Kellogg’s Special k will be pretty high for the purchase as it provides an easy way to make the breakfast with a lot of health benefits and nutrients. Works Cited CIA. Fact Book. 2009. 21 July 2010 . Kellogg’s. The Importance of Breakfast. 2010. 21 July 2010 . The Royal Hashemite Court. The people of Jordan. 2001. 21 July 2010 .

Free Essays on Drivers License Age Be Raised

Drivers license age be raised Should the age to receive a driver’s license be raised and, if not, should graduated licensing be instituted? This is a growing question across America as well as other countries around our globe. The percentage of teenage accidents involving automobiles is on a constant rise. Whether caused by the lack of experience or under the influence of alcohol, death has become all too common among teen motorists. This problem is not going to go away by itself; action needs to be taken. The state must raise the age requirement to receive a license or institute graduated licensing because teens are not mature enough to handle the dangerous responsibilities of driving. We allow teens to get their licenses at an earlier age than in most countries, and little driving experience typically is required before licenses are issued. This is not very smart on our part considering that according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 16 year olds have the highest percentage of cras hes-involving speeding, the highest percentage of single vehicle crashes, the highest percentage of crashes with driver error, and the highest vehicle occupancy (NHTSA ). Compared with older drivers, teenagers as a group are more willing to take risks and less likely to use safety belts. Many experts blame the young teens immaturity, impulsiveness, and lack of proper training and experience as contributing factors to the high rate of teen involved accidents. Teens don’t need to be victims of there driving inexperience. During 1975-96 the death rate among 16 year-old drivers was trending upward. The rate increased from 19 per 100,000 in 1975 to 35 per 100,000 in 1996, and this increase occurred in both males and females. The number of 16 year old driver deaths increased about 50 percent during 1975-96 (from 362 to 547 annually) while deaths among 17-19 year olds declined 27 percent (CNN ). â€Å" Any way you look at it, 16 year... Free Essays on Drivers License Age Be Raised Free Essays on Drivers License Age Be Raised Drivers license age be raised Should the age to receive a driver’s license be raised and, if not, should graduated licensing be instituted? This is a growing question across America as well as other countries around our globe. The percentage of teenage accidents involving automobiles is on a constant rise. Whether caused by the lack of experience or under the influence of alcohol, death has become all too common among teen motorists. This problem is not going to go away by itself; action needs to be taken. The state must raise the age requirement to receive a license or institute graduated licensing because teens are not mature enough to handle the dangerous responsibilities of driving. We allow teens to get their licenses at an earlier age than in most countries, and little driving experience typically is required before licenses are issued. This is not very smart on our part considering that according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 16 year olds have the highest percentage of cras hes-involving speeding, the highest percentage of single vehicle crashes, the highest percentage of crashes with driver error, and the highest vehicle occupancy (NHTSA ). Compared with older drivers, teenagers as a group are more willing to take risks and less likely to use safety belts. Many experts blame the young teens immaturity, impulsiveness, and lack of proper training and experience as contributing factors to the high rate of teen involved accidents. Teens don’t need to be victims of there driving inexperience. During 1975-96 the death rate among 16 year-old drivers was trending upward. The rate increased from 19 per 100,000 in 1975 to 35 per 100,000 in 1996, and this increase occurred in both males and females. The number of 16 year old driver deaths increased about 50 percent during 1975-96 (from 362 to 547 annually) while deaths among 17-19 year olds declined 27 percent (CNN ). â€Å" Any way you look at it, 16 year...

Computers and Education essays

Computers and Education essays During the past two decades, advances in computer technology have ushered in the digital revolution. Computers have changed the way people do business, construct buildings, communicate with one another and receive In the field of education, computers have enhanced the way people teach and learn. This paper examines the advantages and potential difficulties of using computers in the elementary, middle school and high classroom as an educational instrument. Perhaps the biggest challenge faced by educators at this level is overcoming the short attention span of children. This characteristic has been further honed by television. Traditionally, parents and teachers have addressed this problem through educational television programs like Sesame However, education experts have found that children learn best when they are stimulated through participatory learning activities where their minds are constantly stimulated. Towards this, many companies have produced educational software designed to include the children in more In elementary and middle school, websites such as NASA Quest have activities targeted to various grade levels to teach children about space flight. The Exploratorium website maintained by a San Francisco museum is particularly popular among boys who are taught science through demonstrations of sporting activities such as skateboarding. The EcoKids Online! Web page teaches uses games to teach children about energy, wildlife and other environmental issues. In the process, the website also tries to impart strong civic lessons, teaching children about their responsibilities to the environment (Troutner). Under the supervision of a trained teacher, students can find a wealth of educational sites to enhance In older students, many educators report difficulty engaging students in subjects that do not seem relevant to their daily lives. ...

How to Extend (or Decline) an Invitation in French

How to Extend (or Decline) an Invitation in French There are a number of different ways to extend, accept, and refuse invitations in French, with a tone that is either formal or informal.   The verb choice, word choice, and sentence structure  all play a big part in how invitations and responses are expressed. Role of Verb Tense and Mood, Person, Tone, and Structure Formal: In more formal invitations and responses, the speakers seek the highest standards of politeness and so choose sentences using the very polite conditional mood in the main clause. Whats more, the polite vous of the main verb is preferred, and the language is more elevated throughout.  Sentences also tend to be more complex in more formal communications. Informal: In informal invitations and responses, the simple present tense in any part of the sentence or phrase  is adequate to convey the intended message, meaning, and casual mood. Whats more, the main verb uses the informal tu form, and the language is light and often breezy.  Sentences or phrases tend to be short and to the point. Extending an Invitation In the phrases that follow, the blank ___ must be filled with an infinitive in French. In English, however, youd add either an infinitive or a gerund- depending on the verb that precedes it. Again, notice the difference in sentence structure for formal versus informal invitations and responses. Vous nous feriez trà ¨s plaisir si vous pouviez nous consacrer une soirà ©e. (formal) We would be delighted if you could spend an evening with us.Nous serions trà ¨s heureux de vous accueillir chez nous. (formal)   We would be very happy to welcome you to our home.Je vous invite ___ (formal) /  Je tinvite ___  (informal)   I invite you to ___Êtes-vous libre ? (formal) /  Tu es libre ? (informal) Are you free?Avez-vous envie de ___ (formal)   Do you want to ___?Tu as envie de ___ ?  (formal)   Do you feel like ___?Ça te dit de ___ ? (informal)   How does ___ sound?Et si on (mange, voit un film)  ?  (informal)   How about (eating, seeing a movie)?Venez donc ___ (formal) /  Viens donc ___  Ã‚  Come and ___Rà ©ponse souhaità ©eRSVP  (Rà ©pondez sil vous plaà ®t) Accepting an Invitation Bonne idà ©e  ! (informal)   Good idea!Ça va à ªtre gà ©nial  ! (informal)   Thatll be cool!Ça va à ªtre sympa  ! (informal)  Ã‚  Thatll be nice!Cela me ferait grand plaisir.   I would be delighted.Cest gentil (de votre part).   Thats kind (of you).Daccord.   OK.Jaccepte avec plaisir.   I accept with pleasure. / Ill be happy to come.Je viendrai avec plaisir.   I will be glad to come.Je vous remercie. I  thank you. / Thank you.Oui, je suis libre.   Yes, Im free. Declining an Invitation Je me vois malheureusement obligà © de refuser. (formal)  Ã‚  Unfortunately, Im obliged to decline.Cest dommage, mais ___  Ã‚  Its too bad, but ___Cest gentil, mais ___  Ã‚  Thats kind, but ___Dà ©solà ©, mais ___  Ã‚  Im sorry, but ___Jai quelque chose de prà ©vu.   I have something planned.Je ne peux pas.   I cant.Je ne peux pas me libà ©rer.   Im unavoidably busyJe ne suis pas libre.   Ã‚  Im not freeJe suis occupà ©.   Im busy.Je suis pris.   Im otherwise engaged. Invitation-Related Verbs accepter (avec plaisir)   to accept  (gladly, with pleasure)  accueillir to welcomeinviter   to inviteune invitation   invitationrefuser   to decline

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations management - Essay Example Some brands offer luxury other offers sturdiness. The presence of company in different countries also creates many problems. The operations of Toyota are susceptible to political and economic fluctuations. Because of the dispersed manufacturing the company faces different problems in different countries. The problem of competitors and safety issues rise regularly. The recent safety issues with Toyota cars caused significant financial issues to the company. There are issues regarding location of retail showrooms and supply chain management issues. The company follows Just in Time inventory system (JIT) in which management of supplies is extremely important. Also with different safety rules, manufacturing regulations, tax legislations and environment concerns in different countries Toyota faces many operational challenges and this paper will discuss these challenges with great detail. The strategies to address these issues will also be discussed in the paper. These possible solutions m ight help Toyota Motor Company solve its operational problems. Key Operational Challenges faced by Toyota The automobile industry all over the world is facing problems due to economic recession and environmental concerns. Toyota faces multifaceted problems due to its presence all over the world. Design issues, pricing and product development issues are the main operational challenges Toyota is facing today. ... 2005). Usually there are teams that work on new products as a whole but in Toyota teams work on subsystems like hardware, software and suppliers. Then all these subsystems are combined to form a new product. In this way the development process is speeded. The problem in this system arises with regards to the suppliers. Product development cannot be completed if suppliers are not equipped to supply different parts that are needed to develop the new product. For this reason supplier development is also necessary. This is an operational challenge for Toyota as it is very difficult for development teams and suppliers to be on the same page. Suppliers are to be trained and they should be equipped with proper technology in order to ensure that they are able to meet the demands of the newly developed product. This is a serious challenge for Toyota. Because of supplier issues inventories of Toyota are increasing and storage cost is also hiking even though Toyota is famous for its Just in Tim e inventory system (JIT). Toyota will have to rely on suppliers because it is not feasible to develop everything on their own but supply chain management issues are also a major challenge even for a big company like Toyota. Complexity Problems in Toyota The complex products of Toyota are a problem. The manufacturing units are dispersed all over the world and because of this sophisticated technology have to be made available everywhere. Alongside making complex products for its diverse clientele Toyota also has to manage its worldwide sale. The complexity problem becomes an operational issue when a car is developed and the technology used in the car is not available in some of the manufacturing countries. Now in order to make similar cars in those countries the technology is required

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave Essay - 5

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave - Essay Example The book is a detailed account of his life as a slave until he was emancipated. As with every other race story and accounts in the different literature books such as Handlin’s or even Daniel’s, the minority race (in this case the blacks) were always on the receiving end of every evil their white masters and even the rest of the white people subjected them to. Fredrick’s case is not different, in chapter 10 when he was working in Mr. Covey’s plantation, he was constantly thoroughly whipped and mercilessly for that matter until he ran away because he thought he was going to die after collapsing one day from the beating (Douglass 77). He is also abused by other white men when he goes to work in the shipyard and he has to leave there too. This is an indication of how one race considered them so superior over the other that even people on the same job category still treated the blacks as slaves and with disdain. The worst part is that even with evidence of physical abuse, the police and lawyers cannot come to the rescue of the blacks simpl y because even the system is wretched and corrupt with racism. Fredrick may have managed to get slavery abolished but that does not mean that other forms of modern-day slavery do not exist. Issues such as racism as explained by Fredrick are still in existence even to date with some white still feeling superior to the blacks and even people of law (such as police, lawyers, advocates, and some judges) still separates these two races to date. Even though the slavery may not be as intense as it used to be when Fredrick was growing up where even the food provided by the master was little and children were separated from their parents at a very tender age so that they cannot know love (Douglass 20), there is still the lack of complete freedom for the immigrants and people of minority race and ethnicity not only in the United States but in other nations of the world as well.

Being HR manager Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Being HR manager - Personal Statement Example Employee relations will be influenced by my position through the imposition of policies inside the firm. It is the responsibility of the owner to have clear policies regarding recruitment, promotions, salary and incentive systems, performance appraisal and many others. To have good or bad employee relations inside the workplace highly depends on how I will handle my employees. When it comes to employee evaluation performance, the position of being the firm owner gives me the power to choose the performance appraisal system that will be implemented in the workplace. Disciplinary procedures, on the other hand, will still be affected by my position because I will have the last say on what procedures to use to ensure that my employees are well-disciplined for the betterment of the company. When it comes to management style, I'd choose to have a participative management because although I have a hundred employees, I believe that it is still possible to handle given proper procedures. I think participative management is the best for a technology firm since this type of management style encourages employee involvement when it comes to decision-making and sharing of ideas (Davidmann). I believe that a technology firm needs a lot of brilliant minds to keep brilliant ideas flowing inside the workplace which can help a lot in the improvement of the services that the firm can offer. With this type of management. I think employee relations in the firm will be better because the employees are given the opportunity to speak their minds. With this, they can always be consulted with the firm's decisions and their suggestions can always be considered. When it comes to employee evaluation performance, participative management will still have a good effect since the employees are use d to speaking their minds inside the workplace. Results of the evaluation will be more reflective of what is really happening inside the company. With this type of management style, employees will be encouraged to comply with disciplinary procedures since participative management offers rewards more than punishments. The policies that I will be implementing, given that I do participative management will be highly concentrated on employee motivation and work satisfaction. This will have a good effect on employee relations since the workers are satisfied with their work and less complaints are expected. When it comes to employee evaluation, an appraisal procedure like the 360-degree feedback system, I guess, will be the most effective since it encourages the employees to comment about the company, their co-workers, and their own performance. The policies that I will implement will have to be fair, effective, and consistent so disciplinary procedures will have to be strict but not suppressive. Handling Workplace Bullies As a human resource specialist, it is my concern to handle workplace bullies. According to Penenberg, workplace bullying is a "pattern of behavior that takes many forms and includes a host of offensive behaviors, from screaming insults to ignoring employees' contributions." In order to prevent this form happening in the workplace, proper education about the behaviors that can be considered harassment should be done before every once in a while. Employees should know the proper behavior inside the workplace. Trainings can also help in preventing workplace bullying

Threats to the Tropical Rainforest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Threats to the Tropical Rainforest - Essay Example The potential impact of these threats on biodiversity of tropical forest is difficult to assess, due to the fact that the threats could be interlinked and each precipitates either direct or indirect effects. Regardless of the uncertainties associated with threat evaluation and impact assessment, the fact that these forests are subject to radical ecological changes, hence degradation is indubitable. For these reasons, it is imperative for conservationists and the global populations, to monitor, comprehend, and prevent the negative impact of these threats at all costs. Background Information Most studies in Earth systems reveal the fact that Tropical rainforests represent one of the World’s oldest and uninterrupted ecosystems. For instance, fossil records indicate that South-east Asia’s humid forests have been in existence for between 70 and 100 million years, without much alteration to their original form. Tropical rainforests make up some of the world’s haven for species, since they could have more than 1000 different species within an area of one square kilometer (km2). This is a very large proportion of both floral and faunal species, in comparison to that found in temperate forests, which harbor a meager 100 species within a similar spatial area. Tropical rainforests cover an estimated 2% area of Earth’s surface, which amounts to approximately 2000 million hectares (Ha). These forests get their name â€Å"Tropical† from their location within the tropics, that is, the Tropic of Capricorn about 23 degrees south and the Tropic of Cancer about 23 degrees north of the Equator (Primack and Corlett 15). Given the strategic location of Tropical rainforests within the tropics, they span across most of the world’s continents, including Africa, Asia, Northern Australia, and South America. These forests are also found in many of the tropical islands within these areas (Wright 554-555). The Amazon Rainforest is the largest of the Tropical rainforests in the world. Found in South America, the Amazon forest covers eight nations including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Suriname and Ecuador. This huge forest covers a 2 million square miles area. Studies have shown that Tropical rainforests play a significant role in regulating local, as well as, global climatic conditions, in addition to regulating the crucial carbon cycle. The forests regulate the carbon cycle by absorbing and storing large amounts of carbon, while releasing much needed oxygen to the environment. This happens when the vast number of plants takes up carbon during photosynthesis, thus incorporating it into stored biomass. Even though there is no agreement as to whether preserved rainforests constitute the principal sink or source of carbon, negative influences of excessive deforestation are clearly known. Additionally, the role of deforestation in negating the carbon cycle is indubitable (Fearnside 681). Over the last severa l years, discussions regarding the links between forests’

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP Research Proposal - 1

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP LEVEL in the diagnosis of Heart failure - Research Proposal Example To help establish the outcomes, the study will be embedded on extracting DNA samples from 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization and analyzing with exclusion done on patients with elevated troponin. This will be driven by a detailed data collection including laboratory, standard demographic, catheterization and echocardiographic data. The Genotype will be evaluated at 19 loci on five BNP’s pathway relevant genes (Knowles, Erickson, Guy et al, 2003). To access the incremental influence of the genetic variants, the researcher will employ the Multivariate linear regression of logBNP model adjusted for clinical variables. The proposal will thus try to help properly incorporate the use of NPs to improve the levels of accuracy with respect to decisions made in an emergency setting to curb the missed incidence of diagnostic failures for HF. This will be measured by reduced cases of fatigue, dyspnea, and fluid retention that are all predisposing factors to HF based on cardiac dysfunction hence presenting difficulties in diagnosing HF. The missed incidence are hence strongly correlate to highly significant mortality increases, presenting the need for designing effective diagnostic tools with higher degrees of specification and sensitivity that if employed, can help weed out the increased cases of HF missed diagnose s and particularly, in the busy Heart failure is characterized by its typical but non-specific symptoms like fatigue, dyspnea and fluid retention caused by dysfunction of cardiac which present daunting challenges for diagnosis of HF culminating into increased missed incidence hence higher mortality rates. For this reason, the topic has captured the attention of various researchers to help design effective mechanism and approaches that can be used during diagnosis to detect this catastrophic cardiovascular disease quickly and accurately. For instance, to gauge the potentiality of NPs in augmenting the clinical judgment and/or standard

Threats to the Tropical Rainforest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Threats to the Tropical Rainforest - Essay Example The potential impact of these threats on biodiversity of tropical forest is difficult to assess, due to the fact that the threats could be interlinked and each precipitates either direct or indirect effects. Regardless of the uncertainties associated with threat evaluation and impact assessment, the fact that these forests are subject to radical ecological changes, hence degradation is indubitable. For these reasons, it is imperative for conservationists and the global populations, to monitor, comprehend, and prevent the negative impact of these threats at all costs. Background Information Most studies in Earth systems reveal the fact that Tropical rainforests represent one of the World’s oldest and uninterrupted ecosystems. For instance, fossil records indicate that South-east Asia’s humid forests have been in existence for between 70 and 100 million years, without much alteration to their original form. Tropical rainforests make up some of the world’s haven for species, since they could have more than 1000 different species within an area of one square kilometer (km2). This is a very large proportion of both floral and faunal species, in comparison to that found in temperate forests, which harbor a meager 100 species within a similar spatial area. Tropical rainforests cover an estimated 2% area of Earth’s surface, which amounts to approximately 2000 million hectares (Ha). These forests get their name â€Å"Tropical† from their location within the tropics, that is, the Tropic of Capricorn about 23 degrees south and the Tropic of Cancer about 23 degrees north of the Equator (Primack and Corlett 15). Given the strategic location of Tropical rainforests within the tropics, they span across most of the world’s continents, including Africa, Asia, Northern Australia, and South America. These forests are also found in many of the tropical islands within these areas (Wright 554-555). The Amazon Rainforest is the largest of the Tropical rainforests in the world. Found in South America, the Amazon forest covers eight nations including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Suriname and Ecuador. This huge forest covers a 2 million square miles area. Studies have shown that Tropical rainforests play a significant role in regulating local, as well as, global climatic conditions, in addition to regulating the crucial carbon cycle. The forests regulate the carbon cycle by absorbing and storing large amounts of carbon, while releasing much needed oxygen to the environment. This happens when the vast number of plants takes up carbon during photosynthesis, thus incorporating it into stored biomass. Even though there is no agreement as to whether preserved rainforests constitute the principal sink or source of carbon, negative influences of excessive deforestation are clearly known. Additionally, the role of deforestation in negating the carbon cycle is indubitable (Fearnside 681). Over the last severa l years, discussions regarding the links between forests’

Construction Industry Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction Industry Report - Essay Example In contemporary Western cultures it is possible for individuals to work in 5-10 different occupations before retirement. However, current thinking on careers tends to be conditioned by older and sometimes outmoded concepts of what a career ought to be. The relatively stable patterns that many in New Zealand enjoyed from 1945 - 1985 represents a past of relational contracts, steady advancement and mutual loyalty which is difficult to replicate in today's society (Elkin, Jackson & Inkson, 2004). A study conducted by Michael Arthur and his colleagues at the University of Auckland looked in depth at the careers of 75 representative New Zealanders from 1985 to 1995 (Arthur, Inkson & Pringle, 1999). Arthur's study found that individuals moved between employers and between jobs with relative ease. Very few of these moves were upward, career building moves such as promotion. For example, Arthur found that more than 60% of the people in the sample changed occupations in the 10 years covered by the study. Eighty five percent moved between organisations. The Centre for Research on Work, Education and Research Limited conducted case studies of four industries including the construction industry. ... (Centre for Research on Work, Education and Research Limited, 2004). Some skilled tradesmen in construction who had become independent contractors in the past when made redundant or by choice were reported as being worse off financially than previously. These men were a supply of labour because their alternative was to work as a sub-contractor on private building sites where they might, for example, work for 60-70 hours a week but earn only an effective $7-$8 an hour. Researchers claim that people employed in the construction industry are classified as realistic. They have mechanical abilities, like working outdoors with tools and objects and they prefer dealing with things rather than people. Construction workers tend to like practical and physical activities and they are task orientated. The construction sector is highly labour intensive. Whereas other industries can increase production by using a mix of more people and more machinery, construction is much more reliant on people. Work Environment The construction industry is seen by some people as hazardous or dangerous. The injury rate per thousand workers for the Total Construction Industry calculated from ACC Entitlement Claims Data as a whole for the 2004 year was approximately 30 injuries per thousand workers. The rate of injury was relatively stable over the 2001-2004 period even though New Zealand experienced somewhat of a 'boom' period for the industry, with many new and inexperienced workers entering the industry. (New Zealand Construction Industry Council, 2005). On the other hand, injury costs for the industry over the period 2001 to 2004 show a downward trend. As

Pornography and US Law Essay Example for Free

Pornography and US Law Essay In Catherine Mackinnon’s book â€Å"Only Words† she describes U. S law as a very strong indictment of a law system in conflict with itself. The book is divided and is a collection of three essays. The first one is a heavy and emotional criticism of pornography. The other two essays evaluate and compare pornography and sexual harassment with racial discrimination and abuse. She defines pornography as â€Å"explicit sexual material that subordinates women† (page 13). She argues that ‘pornography is sex’, as viewed by the American law, that only views it as a possible cause of injury, instead of an act of sexual discrimination that promotes sexual inequality. She holds that like other kinds of racial and hate speeches, it should be totally banned because it contributes heavily in the degradation, subordination and abuse of women in general. Mackinnon says even if pornography is a form of speech, this does not mean that it cannot be controlled and regulated by the government. She lashes out at the people who believe pornography and other acts of harassment and hate propaganda should be protected by law. Mackinnon argues that that pornography, harassment messages and racial speeches eventually do the same thing, which is ‘enact the abuse’. Porn, she says, lowers the dignity and self esteem of women and fuels the acts by â€Å"sexual harassers, wife beaters, child molesters, rapists and clients of prostitutes† (page 17). The first amendment promotes the problems the fourteenth amendment was supposed to fix. Mackinnon shows a society that is extremely hypocritical. Her words in the book have encompassed real abuse, directed at her as a woman; she has really tried to prove her point. Mackinnon believes that we need to change the first amendment in order to balance it out with the fourteenth amendment on issues concerning free speech and protection of equality. She is campaigning for the â€Å"new model in which free speech does not most readily protect the activities of Nazis, Klansmen and pornographers, while doing nothing for their victims† (page 32). She commended two Canadian court decisions which promoted the rights of people negatively affected by pornography and hate speeches and propaganda. Word that involve issues such as bribes, fixing of prices and segregation of facilities are treated as acts of law, but words or pictures target issues involving race and sex are not treated as acts of law, and that is why the courts end up permitting pornography in our societies. She shows how lawyers and judges have used the first amendment to justify the heinous acts of pornographers and racist individuals into political speech. She says that if words have ever been recognized as actions it is in situations concerning sexual harassment. She laments that the courts have reduced their effectiveness by overturning universities’ restraints of discriminatory and sexual speeches on campus by throwing out a complaint brought forward by a female shipyard worker who was harassed by having been shown pornography, which is a form of speech that is protected in the first amendment. In fact these words and pictures are protected by law explained as ‘the free and open exchange of ideas’, even reproduced for viewing. Mackinnon says that what the law is concerned with is not what the word does but what the consequences of the word is, the harassment, racism and hate speeches is showing the differences between the different social groups, the power one group has over another. Mackinnon through studies in workplaces, pornographers, on college campuses and others she shows these very discriminatory acts are protected by law as free speech; equality will only be seen and treated as a word. Mackinnon brings to the open many of the contradictions she has been saying in the previous essays, she says that â€Å"the law of equality and the law of freedom of speech are on a collision course in this country† (page 47). Mackinnon does a good job in showing the ignorance and shallow thinking of many defenders of pornography. The book is a passionate and eloquent plea to Americans to be able to see beyond the doctrines made normal by society, in particular concerning pornography and racial and hate speeches. She says that Americans suffer from obsession of expressive freedom to the trauma of the McCarthy era. Her arguments show that in some levels, pornography may be restricted, but it has not yet shown reason to be restricted. She later confuses by emphasizing that some of them are made from â€Å"actual child abuse and actual rape and tortures† (page 56). Certain weaknesses are evident in the book. First of all, she should have devoted more space for the definition of pornography so that it would have been applicable in law. Another weakness is the vague separation of debating and expressing intolerable ideas. These prevent from having clearly defined boundaries. What she fails to bring out in her book is the other side of free speech, the importance of free speech in an independent society like political accountability, self determination among others. Catherine Mackinnon’s views do have pros and cons. Her view that pornography should be controlled by the government I believe is a good thing. Pornography has really led to degradation of the society and this will reduce if it is controlled. To some extent it does lead to subordination of women leading to more cases of aggression towards women, it eventually ‘enacts the abuse’. Her suggestion that amendments should be made to the constitution to be able to defend those affected by pornography I believe is also a good thing. Campaigning for the new model that free speech does not protect the activities of those using the right of free speech to justify their actions is also a good idea. Some of the abuses of sexual inequality are regarded as free speech hence not seen as acts of sexual abuse. Lawyers and judges have used this to justify some of the issues affecting the society such as hate speeches, pornography and racial discrimination. Some of the cons is that she uses very few words to explain the definition of pornography, she should have taken more time define her view of pornography. I believe that pornography should be regulated and have to agree with Catherine Mackinnon. Pornography has caused serious consequences to the society in general and therefore should be controlled. The pornographers have the freedom to do a lot and they are protected by the constitution. To some extent it does lead to subordination of women, hence pornography should be controlled.

Family Planning Program In Ethiopia Health And Social Care Essay

Family Planning Program In Ethiopia Health And Social Care Essay Access to basic services such as water and sanitation is limited and its distribution is biased towards urban areas. Thirty percent of Ethiopians (80.5% urban and 21.5% rural) have access to improved sanitation, while access to clean drinking water is slightly higher at 35 percent (90% urban and 25% rural). Sixty four percent of the adult population is illiterate; with higher rate of illiteracy among women than men. The overall current contraceptives prevalence rate among married women in Ethiopia is 14.7%, and among all women of reproductive age group is 10.3%. Thirty four percent of currently married women of reproductive age group have an unmet need for family planning (WHO, 2010). Family planning (FP) services are delivered through facility-based reproductive health (RH) services including government health facilities and health services run by NGOs and private for profit organizations including pharmacies selling socially marketed pills, condoms and Depo-Provera; and by community based reproductive health (CBRH) agents supported by a variety of international and national NGOs. Family planning services can significantly contribute to limiting the family size efforts. Strengthening contraceptive services has been shown to be effective in reducing maternal mortality. Specifically there is a role for increased access to long term and permanent contraceptive methods. Although 60% of the methods used in Ethiopia are injectables, 32% of users of injectables discontinue in the first year of use, usually because of health concerns or other issues with the method. Also 42% of women want to limit childbearing, thus they are potential clients for LTPMs. Efforts are needed to increase access to LTPM for women who do not want any more children (DHS, 2005). The Ethiopian government has been undertaking various policy reform measures and making substantial progresses towards achieving the millennium development goals. Improved policy environment and shift in government priorities towards the social sector have significantly improved access to and quality of health services. Potential health service coverage has increased from 45% in 1997 to 90 percent in 2010 (FMOH, 2010). The health policy gives primary focus on preventive and promotive health care to address the major health problems and to provide access to health services for the majority of Ethiopians. In this regard, the health service extension program (HEP) is the biggest venture of the government and flagship program of the ministry by which two female health extension workers who are government paid are being assigned at kebele level ( the lowest administrative level with 5000 population). The government has been engaged into improving health service delivery through enhancing coverage, quality and equity aiming at improving the overall health status of citizens. The various studies and routine information sources showed that the health outcomes are exhibiting encouraging results in terms of reducing child and maternal mortality. Background Increasingly, the government of Ethiopia is giving greater attention to address the issue of rapid population growth and associated demographic factors in designing and implementing different development strategies, and has recognised the rapid population growth and high fertility rate as one of the main challenges to poverty reduction. different strategic documents were formulated and being implemented like accelerated and sustained development to end poverty (PASDEP), which includes reducing the total fertility rate (TFR) and closing the gap between boys and girls education and also the health sector development program. Overview of the health sector Health status and access The government with continues support and collaboration from the development partners as well as the effort of the general public on its health has achieved a lot towards improving the health status of its citizens. However the health status of Ethiopians still remains low compared to worldwide benchmarks. In 2010, life expectancy was 58 years, maternal mortality ratio was 673 per 100, 000 live births, infant mortality rate was 69 per 1000 live births and the under-five mortality rate was 109 per 1000 live births (WHO, 2010). Ethiopias health problems are largely attributed to preventable infections ailments and nutritional deficiencies (FMOH, 2010). Health Service delivery The public sector is the major health service provider for Ethiopians. As a result of significant decentralization reforms, Ethiopias federal structure is comprised of nine regional states and two city administrations, each responsible for managing its own public health sector services. To promote decentralization and meaningful participation of the population in local development activities, decision making process in the development and implementation of the health system are shared between the federal ministry of health (FMOH) (policy guidance), the regional health bureau (RHB) policy and technical support, and the woreda or district health services (coordination of primary health care services). In order to realize the goals of the health sector strategic plan, the health service delivery was introduced in a four-tier referral system, characterised by a first line primary health care unit (PHCU), comprised of one health centre and five satellite health posts, and then the second line district hospital and specialised hospital. A PHCU is designed to serve 25, 000 people, while a district and a zonal hospital are each expected to serve 250, 000 and 1, 000, 000 people respectively. The public sector remains the major provider of health services accounting for about 67% of total health services, followed by the private sector which provides 31% of the services, and facilities owned by business enterprises accounts for the remaining 2%. The increasing number of private for profit health sector and not-for-profit, offers an opportunity to enhance health service coverage (FMOH, 2010). The policy framework Global reproductive health policy context In 1994 the world came together to create a consensus on what had previously been a deeply divisive issue: the relationship between population growth and other areas of development and was considered a groundbreaking effort for shifting population policy discussions away from simply slowing population growth to enhancing individual health and rights while focusing on social development (ICPD 1994). Since then remarkable achievements has been registered. To move the sexual and reproductive agenda forward, progressive international and regional instruments has been developed among which the most important one include the 1995 Beijing declaration and platform of action, the 2004 ICPD ten review, the 2006 Maputo plan of action on sexual and reproductive health and rights (AU, 2006), and the 2009 UN convection for elimination of all form of discrimination against women. The 2000 millennium summit adopted the United Nations millennium declaration committing their nations to a new global pa rtnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out a serious of time bound targets with a deadline of 2015-the millennium development goals. To achieve this, UN organizations, governments, associations, private foundations, and other non governmental organizations expressed their commitments (Farina et al. 2008). National Health policy The health policy of the country was formulated in 1993 after careful assessment of the nature, magnitude and root causes of the existing health problem of Ethiopia and awareness of newly emerging health problems. Democratization and decentralization of the existing health service system were emphasised stressing on development and prioritization of the preventive and promotive components of health care, development of an equitable and acceptable standard of health service system that will reach all segments of the population maximizing the effective and efficient utilization of existing internal and external resources, promoting and strengthening of multi-sectoral and intersectoral activities, promotion of attitudes and practices conducive to the strengthening of health system development, ascertaining the accessibility of health care for all segments of the population, enriching the concept and intensifying the practice of family planning for optimal family health and planned popul ation dynamics, and intensifying family planning for the optimal health of the mother, child and family (TGE, 1993). National Population policy (1993) This major goal of the policy is harmonization of the rate of population growth and the capacity of the country for the development and rational utilization of natural resources thereby creating conditions conducive to the improvement of the level of welfare of the population. The general objective of the policy include: closing the gap between high population growth and low economic productivity through planned reduction of population growth and increasing economic returns; expediting economic and social development process through holistic integrated development programmes designed to expedite the structural differentiation of the economy and employment; reducing the rate to urban migration; maintaining/improving the carrying capacity of the environment by taking appropriate environmental protection/conservation measures; raising the economic and social status of women by freeing them from the restrictions and drudgeries of traditional life and making it possible for them to partic ipate productively in the larger community; and significantly improving the social and economic status of vulnerable groups (women, youth, children and the elderly). The specific objectives include: reducing the total fertility rate to 4.0 children per women by the year 2015; reducing maternal, infant and child morbidity and mortality rates as well as promoting the level of general welfare of the population; significantly increasing female participation at all levels of the education system; removing all legal customary practices militating against the full enjoyment of economic and social rights by women including the full enjoyment of property rights and access to gainful employment; ensuring spatially balanced population distribution patterns with a view to maintaining environmental productivity in agriculture and introducing off-farm non agricultural activities for the purpose of employment diversification; and mounting an effective country wide population information and educat ion program addressing issues pertaining to family size and its relationship with human welfare and environmental security. Some of the major areas requiring priority attentions were improving the quality and scope of service delivery: expanding the diversity and coverage of family planning service delivery through clinical and community based outreach services; encouraging and supporting the participation of non-governmental organizations in the delivery of population and family planning and related services; and creating conditions that will permit users the widest possible choice of contraceptives by diversifying the method mix available in the country (TGE, 1993). Health sector development plan Ethiopia has been health sector development (HSDP) plan since 1997, every five years it has been evaluated and revised until now. The current HSDP IV is the extension of the previous plans and aims to improve the health status of Ethiopians people through provision of adequate and optimum quality promotive, preventive, basic curative and rehabilitative health services to all segments of the population. The major goals include improving the health of mothers and children by reducing maternal mortality ratio, reducing child mortality rate and reduction of total fertility rate. (FMOH, HSDP III, 2005). National reproductive health strategy, 2006-2015 The national reproductive health strategy was developed in 2006 after comprehensive consultation process with all relevant stakeholders including various government agencies, at federal and regional level, local and international partners, and community representatives. The strategy reaffirms the commitment of the government by setting forth a targeted and measurable agenda for the coming decade. It builds upon notable initiatives undertaken like the population policy, followed by the formulation of comprehensive health sector development program (HSDP) in 1998 and the recent health extension program and the current plan for accelerated and sustainable development to end poverty which gives priority to reproductive health and family planning. The goal of the strategy is built on the momentum occasioned by the millennium development goals to garner the multicultural support needed to support the reproductive and sexual health needs of the culturally diverse population (FMOH, 2006). Adolescent and youth reproductive health strategy (AYRH) In Ethiopia people less than 15 year age group constitute about 40 percent of the general population. Most of these adolescents are less informed, less experienced and less comfortable to seek access for sexual and reproductive health information and services. Access of reproductive health care information and services targeted for young people contributes to prevent and improve many of their reproductive health problems. To address this issue Ethiopia has launched a national strategy on adolescent and reproductive health that aims to tackle the problems of early marriages and pregnancies, female circumcision, abduction and rape, and poor access to health care for 10 to 24 year olds that will be implemented for eight years (FMOH, 2007). The health extension program Health Extension Program Packages Family health Maternal and child health Family planning Immunization Nutrition Adolescent RH health Disease prevention and control HIV/AIDS TB prevention and control Malaria prevention and control First aid Hygiene and Environmental health Excreta disposal Solid and liquid waste management Water supply and safety measures Food hygiene and safety measures Healthy home environment Control of insects and rodents Personal hygiene Health Education and communication In order to expand health service coverage and improve the delivery of primary health care services to the rural population, the government has introduced an innovative health service delivery system through the implementation of the health extension program (HEP) as part of the 2002-2005 health sector development program II. The HEP moves services out of facilities to the household and village level, and involves 16 packages to be provided at grass roots level focusing on sustained prevention actions and increased awareness. Accelerated expansion of primary health services coverage has also been endorsed as part of facilitating the implementation of the HEP. The HEP empowers communities to collaborate with the government health sector at the kebele level (the lowest administrate level in a woreda [district]), to identify health problems and root causes, seek solutions, set priorities and formulate local plans of action at the grass roots level. The HEP consists of promotive and preventive health care services made accessible to all rural kebeles at a kebele health post, the lowest level of the FMOHs health system. The program includes a cadre of health extension workers (HEW), with each health post staffed by two female health extension workers. Each health post serves a catchment area of approximately 5, 000 people and refers clients to the health centre. The health extension workers have completed schooling to grade ten or higher and originally come from the communities in which they work and live. Recruiting HEWs from their community ensures a more rapid acceptance of the HEW: she speaks the local language, is respected by the community and in turn respects the local traditions and culture of the community. All HEWs receive training in the essential health promotive and preventive health care services that make up 16 health care packages identified in the HSDP. HEWs work closely with and supervise the efforts of volunteer community health workers (VCHWs), including community based reproductive health agents (CBRHAs) and community health promoters. VCHWs conduct house to house visits to provide information on family planning, exclusive breast feeding, nutrition and immunization, and refer individuals to the health post. This coordination between the HEWs and VCHWs maximizes the opportunity to obtain the desired outcomes of the HEP, as well as of the HSDP and the millennium development goals (FMOH, 2003). Problem Statement Population growth The World Bank (WBG 2004) has benchmarked a population growth rate of 2 percent per year as a level beyond which it is difficult for a countries institutions and technologies to keep up with expanding population pressures on all sectors, from water, sanitation, and agriculture to health, housing, and education. Ethiopia adds 2 million people every year, and it is the pace and imbalanced distribution of this population growth, rather than the ultimate size of the population, that most give rise to concerns. These concerns are aggravated by degradation of the environment and natural resources, increased climate variability, and market vulnerability. With 83% rural population, population growth in the rural areas adds to the growing number of rural residents who are land-short and landless. In 2009, 4.9 million beneficiaries were identified as requiring emergency food and non food assistance; another 7.5 million with chronic food insecurity receive assistance (DMFSS/MoARD, 2009). The population trends reported in the nationally representative National NFFS (1990) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) 2000 and 2005 reveal a dynamic society in the early stages of demographic transitions, in which mortality has fallen but fertility remains high (DHS, 2005). With the present imbalance in births and deaths, Ethiopias population could double in size in less than 30 years. Figure 1, Population Growth in Ethiopia, 1990 to 2020, Past, Present Future Demographic Dividend When there are more working-age adults relative to children under age 15 and the elderly, those in the working ages (generally ages 15-59) have a lower dependency burden- fewer people to support with the same income and assets. Under the right conditions, this can lead to a short term but substantial economic bonus. This demographic bonus is a window of opportunity to increase economic output because of the larger workforce; save money on health care and other social services; improve the quality of education; invest more in technology and skills to strengthen the economy; and create the wealth needed to cope with the future aging of the population. As much as one-third of the rapid economic growth among the East Asian tigers can be explained by the growth in the labour force as fertility declined and by the increase in savings and accumulation that accompanied this growth. A demographic dividend will not be realised without prior investment. An educated and unskilled youth populatio n can threaten rather than enhance national stability and economic security (Ringheim et al. 2009). Ethiopia has a great likelihood of capturing a demographic bonus or dividend if manage to slow population growth, if women have fewer children, the altered age structure of the population produces a more favourable ratio of adults in their economically productive years to dependent children and the elderly. With fewer children requiring education and health services, the government has great discretion to invest resources in other critical areas. Greater investment and increased savings create a one time, age structure-related economic growth spurt that is either captured or forever lost. Fertility Determinants In Ethiopia, the proportion of all women who are married has declined as a result of a rising age of marriage and an increase in the proportion of women remaining single. This change is responsible for most of the modest decline in fertility in the last decade. While contraceptive use has not yet played a major role, Ethiopia has among highest levels of unmet need for contraception in Africa (Ahmed J and Mengistu G, 2002). Patterns of family formation are intricately related to the social and cultural norms and practices of society. Marriage is the result of an often extended social process involving the couples, their families and the wider community. The right to found a family is paralleled by the right not to be coerced in marriage. Although information is not readily available about the degree to which this rights are realised in Ethiopia, questions arise in relation to early marriage and limiting number of children a family should have. In Ethiopia, marriage is the destiny of nearly all people. 97% of women in Ethiopia are married at least once in their life (DHS 2000/05). The social pressure to have large families is very strong. The reproductive carrier of women starts early, and one pregnancy follows another with little thought of child spacing. The male oriented structure of the family and the expectation that the women is in charge of all household chores, absorbs her energy, and limits her participation in economic and political activities in the country. Figure 2, Determinants of High Fertility in Ethiopia Family planning CPR 15% Age of Marriage 16.5 years Education of Women 30.9% Tradition Family Structure Womens Role Empowerment Employment 45% Economy BPL 40% Infant mortality 77/1000 LB High fertility rate 5.4 Education discourages high fertility through economic factors in ways that it reduces the economic utility of children. It creates aspirations for upward social mobility and the accumulation of wealth. It also increases the opportunity cost of womens time and enhances the likelihood of their employment outside home. However the education level women particularly girls education is low (40%) in Ethiopia. Another strong factor underlying large family size preference in Ethiopia is parents dependence on children for social security. Children provide economic support in old age and help in emergencies or time of adversity, and take care of their parents by taking them to their homes. This expectation declines with level of increasing education (UNFPA 2008, Desta K and Seyoum G, 1998) According to the in-depth analysis of the DHS 2005 data, low lifetime fertility is observed among urban residents, those achieving secondary and above education, women who have frequent access to media, employed in the modern sector of the economy, and are getting married after the age of 18. High fertility on the other hand prevailed among those experiencing child loss, and women residing in the regions where values of children are supposed to be high. High fertility is also observed among women experiencing child mortality. Death of a child tends to increase lifetime fertility by 25 percent while the death of two or more children increases it by 45 percent among all women of reproductive age. Getting married at age 18 and later is also demonstrated to reduce fertility by 24 percent when compared to those entered marital life early. In countries like Ethiopia where contraceptive prevalence rate is low, increasing age at first marriage could reduce lifetime fertility by minimizing the exposure time to the risks of pregnancy (UNFPA 2008). A survey done in southern Ethiopia also showed important socio demographic determinants of fertility like poor educational status, absence of income, rural place of birth, early marriage, history of child death to be significantly associated with high fertility rate (Geberemdhin and Betre 2009). Low coverage of family planning service The service coverage and uptake of modern contraceptives is very low in Ethiopia. The majority of Ethiopian women (78 %) and men (76%) prefer to space or limit the number of their children they have. and have a potential need for family planning, 34% of currently married women have an unmet need for family planning (DHS 2005). If all currently married women who say they want to space or limit the number of children were to use family planning, the contraceptives prevalence rate of Ethiopia would increase from the current 15 to 49 percent. The family planning service was limited to urban facilities for a long time with limited access and coverage. It was practiced as a vertical program and mainly supported by external funding. Long term and permanent methods were limited to hospitals and health centres where trained and skilled health workers are practicing. Currently the contraceptive prevalence rate is 15 percent. Figure 2, Trend in CPR modern methods, married women: 1990-2005-Ethiopia Most methods used are injectables (61%) followed by the pill (25%). The use of long term and permanent methods is nearly absent: use of Implant among married women is 0.2 % while IUCD use with same group is 0.1% (DHS, 2005). Causes of low coverage of family planning service The causes for the low coverage of the service can be seen from two directions: organizational/institutional and community level causes. From the health service organizations the major factors include limited service outlets (failure to expand), lack of skilled human resources in the facilities which is due to shortage, lack of training, lack of motivation. Erratic supply of contraceptive due to inadequate and inefficient procurement and poor distribution system also needs attention. With respect to service delivery organization causes include lack of integration of family planning service, permanent assignment of staffs, poor coordination between public and private for profit and for non profit including lack of referral mechanism and inefficient use of available resources. From the community side, the diversified cultural and traditional practices in the different segments of the population plays role in hindering the use of contraceptives. Cultural barriers, partners and peer influence lack of adequate knowledge of the contraceptives, accessibility and acceptability, affordability, and perceived attitudes of service providers and rumours about contraceptives also important factors to be addressed for successful program implementation. Figure 5, Causes of low coverage and uptake of FP depicted in systems framework Consequences of high fertility The consequences of high fertility include unwanted pregnancy often leads to unsafe abortion attributable to contraceptive non-use, incorrect use, or method failure. High fertility also affects the well-being of mothers and their children. Maternal mortality and morbidity are strongly associated with high parity and early childbearing. High population growth will lead to increasing number of children who need schooling which the education sector cant satisfy. High parity restricts womens educational and economical opportunities, thereby limiting their potential for empowerment broadly, as well as their ability to safeguard the health and economic well-being of the family and community at large. Low educational attainment further perpetuates high fertility, as these women tend to have less knowledge of and access to family planning options. Environmental degradation and impact on health is also one of the long term effects of rapid population growth. It is also seen to strain the capacity of the government and non-governmental organizations to provide important social services such as schools, health care, clean water and sanitation. The growing population demand for land redistribution cant be satisfied and there will be rural urban migration, household food insecurity, high unemployment rate and other associated problems. Rapid and unhindered population growth is a significant factor in exacerbating food shortages in Ethiopia. Of the total population an estimated 12 million are facing serious threats from food insecurity and famine. More than the half of the countries under five children are stunted and some 45 percent are underweight (PAI 2005). Role of health extension workers in family planning service scale up Analysis of the DHS data Knowledge of family planning Adequate Knowledge about contraception among women and men is a major determinant of the use of contraceptive methods. The analysis of the data from the two demographic and health surveys shows that the percentage of women with knowledge of any family planning method showed an increased by 39 percent during the last 15 years, from 62 to 86 percent in 1990 and in 2005 consecutively. As shown in table 1, although knowledge of modern methods of contraceptives increased from 2000 to 2005, knowledge about injectables and condom has increased substantially among both women and men over the same period (MII 2007). As one of the important task of the health extension workers, they are playing a major role in transmitting knowledge in their specific community abut the different contraceptive methods use, side effect, and other important information. Even though there is no data currently on contraceptive knowledge, in the last five years between 2005 and 2010, there is much progress and increase through the expansion of primary health care coverage and access through health extension workers. Table 1, Knowledge of specific contraceptive methods among women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 Method Percentage of Women Percentage of Men 2000 2005 2000 2005 Any method 81.5 86.1 86.1 91.0 Any modern method 80.8 86.0 84.7 90.7 Female sterilization 23.1 18.4 32.6 26.4 Male sterilization 4.8 6.6 12.6 15.3 Pill 77.5 82.6 78.1 81.2 IUD 11.1 14.8 11.7 14.3 Injectables 65.3 80.9 62.2 79.0 Implants 13.6 22.4 13.9 23.0 Condom 33.0 46.1 64.7 84.2 Diaphragm 4.4 5.9 7.5 8.8 Any traditional method 24.3 20.6 48.0 39.2 Source: DHS data, Ethiopia trend report Current use of family planning Trend analysis of current use of contraceptive, provide insight into measuring determinants of fertility and helps to assess the success of family planning program. As shown in figure 6, current use of contraceptive methods among currently married women tripled in the 15 years between 1990 and 2005 from 5 percent to 15 percent. The increase is especially marked for modern methods. Current use of modern methods doubled during the first 10-year period and more than doubled during the last five years from 6 percent in 2000 to

The Epilogue of Haydn Middletons The Lie of The Land :: Haydn Middleton The Lie of The Land

The Epilogue of Haydn Middleton's The Lie of The Land A few days had passed since Art had reentered David's life. While David, Quinn and Art spent the morning eating breakfast and discussing which is the best fruit jelly, Rachel was sulking in a pit of angst. Matthew hadn't spoken very much the past few days, still trying to come to terms with what she had done and why. And Rachel was trying to decide if she was on the road to healing a guilt which has haunted her for months, or could she still not forgive herself? Inspired by David Nennius' memoirs, she decided to do the same. She couldnUt bring herself to say to Matthew what she wanted to say, but perhaps she could write it then. Oh sure, she had told him the entire tale of her adventures with David, but she hadn't told him why she had been so obsessed with his troubles. Why she had to save him. Rachel picked her hands up from the keyboard. Rubbing her wrists she contemplated her future. Then, like many times, she began thinking of the past and details she had never told anyone. Rachel's Story "I haven't been able to bring myself to tell anyone what happened all those months ago," began the journal entry. I can still remember the day the man with no name came into the center, the day I committed my crime. That day I let a man walk out the door without getting his name. He wore a tattered overcoat and a sheep-like smile. Later, much too late, I learned the truth. No, that is not true. I knew the truth and did nothing. I knew he was a child molester - he told me. The worst part of it is that he came in twice. Twice I did the wrong thing. "I regret what I did," the man said through globs of tears. "I just wish these rages, these infatuations would vanish." I thought he was sincere, so when he would not give me his name I didnUt push him to do so. He pleaded with me not to tell the authorities. He said he could heal himself better in the real world. I thought he had a point. But then that fateful day came. I can still see Matthew's face as I read the story of a Chester Rogers being picked up for child molestation.

Fight :: essays papers

Fight At a huge party in Long Beach Island, locals show up at the party. The house is small, but it has a front lawn that is a nice size to throw a party. The house and lawn is surrounded by a fence that is sharp at the top to prevent anyone from climbing over it easily. The house is between several other houses that are owned by families. The party is being thrown by kids that only go there for the summers. There is high tension between the locals and the summer kids. Therefore, when the locals showed up, the summer kids immediately threw them out. They were all talking about the incident and laughing. However, it was not over with. The locals came back with more numbers to start a fight. Act I Scene 1 The scene begins with three car loads of local kids pulling up to the house. Jason Gorski, Jeff Storms, Eddie Frost, Rich Mickens, Rob Philops, and Jake Collins are the tough guys that are at the party. The rest of the party is compiled of sailors and girls. The six see them getting out of there cars and start walking fast over to greet them. Jeff: (As he walks counts how many there are. He finds there are well over twelve of them and only six of them, so he makes a strategy of taking as many as he can out quickly.) Rob: (He clenches his fists as he walks, getting pumped up.) Jake: He waits behind the rest because he is not too sure what is to come. Jason: (He is behind the rest with Jake, but doesn’t want to miss any action, so he speeds up to the front.) Jeff: (He goes directly up to one of the locals and head buts him.) The kids nose busts open and blood is poring everywhere. Jeff must have broken the kids nose. Jeff: (After he head buts the one kid, he takes another kid down to the ground with a head in the chest double leg. He repeatedly punched the kid in the face.) The kid was bleeding harshly from his face. Jason: (He walks up to one of the guys and just starts hitting him in the face.

Traditional vs Non Traditional

Robyn CampbellCampbell 1 English 101 Professor Beckham March 19, 2013 Traditional Students vs. Non Traditional Students A non traditional student will transition into college better than a traditional student due to allotted responsibility and independence on their part. A non traditional student has a more serious approach where as a traditional student lacks focus in their first steps as an adult. The demographic of a student has changed over the years. A college student is not typically eighteen years old and living in a dorm on campus anymore.A college student is over the age of twenty five and a single parent in some cases. They have family and financial obligations and possibly a full time job. Some may not even possess a high school diploma, but a GED. Both traditional and non traditional students have responsibilities outside of college. While the majority of students right out of high school will likely only have a part time job, students twenty five and older will be juggli ng far more. A traditional student will continue to live with parents and not worry too much financially.As a non traditional student, not only will most have a full time job, but a family to care for, a mortgage, and a car payment on top of the class and homework time. It is estimated that only 13% of younger students are currently working vs. 60% of non traditional students (ACSFA 17). Although young adults have less baggage entering into college, they tend to think more socially and independent than academically. This brings up the topic of reputation. As a non traditional student, starting college can be frightening.Most older students are friendly, but outgoing and wanting to make friends with everyone in class is not top priority on the list. As a young adult transitions from high school, a social atmosphere, college is considered to be no different. Some students from certain high schools will attend the same college so social hour continues. As far as a non traditional stude nt, grades are more important than making a best friend or being invited to parties. As a younger student, social life could set you back. As an older student, this has already been achieved and allows for more participation due to more life experience.There are challenges in life that can throw anyone off the right track. Unfortunately, adding college into the mix only makes it that much harder. Challenges can be very much related to responsibility and how a student is affected socially. Non traditional students worry about not fitting in where traditional students worry more about making it to class on time, wether even at all. As a student returning to college after several years, there is anxiety and a fear that this is the last chance to make something of yourself.If you just got out of high school, chances are there was hardly any studying going on there, so why start now? At the same time an older student needs to juggle school, a job, and family, a younger student needs to j uggle school, a job, and maintain a social life. As a young adult, the social life is what is the most distracting, leading to missed classes and poor grades. Transitioning from high school to college can be just as difficult as being out of high school for several years and starting college. Independence is the key part of starting college.As a young adult, this means adjusting to your own schedule and now being able to do as you please. As an older adult, this means more responsibility added to the list. Age difference will determine on adjusting to college. Some will argue that the young crowd is very immature. They may adjust socially, but they do not see this as an adult experience. Arriving on time may have been a slap on the wrist in the past, but what they don't realize is now it's nothing but time and money. Someone who has had independence for longer than a year is going to see college similar to having started a career already.Focusing in class and on assignments is harde r for a traditional student than a non traditional student. After taking care of social time at night, a younger student is less likely to come to class, let alone pay attention. Due to lack of time because of the overwhelming feeling of too much going on, young adults take less time to complete assignments to the best of their ability. As a non traditional student, school comes first. Good grades are important and attendance is needed to maintain the required academic standards.The only thing on a young students mind is getting by with the bare minimum and getting a job somewhere. Students who have spent most of their working days at a dead end job, barely supporting themselves and their family are looking for a career to help them adjust to the economy as it changes frequently. Focus goes along with how a student does academically. Although some may say, non traditional students have less time to study, traditional students make it less of a priority. To do well academically, stud y time is required. Time management is very important to achieve this on top of all other aspects of life.A non-traditional student does not have the luxury of wasting time. This is a time to learn and may be their last time to work hard and have a decent career. The government offers financial aid to almost everyone. Parents of this past generation have made sure they went to college themselves and were able to provide for their children. Several scholarships during high school are given out. That is not the case for older, more independent students. There isn't a free ride involved when you go back to college after years of working a full time job.In Marion Bowl's, Experiencing the barriers: non-traditional students entering higher education, she states that these financial hurdles delay the progress of non traditional students (p. 157). There isn't any help from parents. As an older adult, realizing the amount of money that is being used for your education and knowing it will com e out of your pocket wether now or in the future, makes it that much more important to do well. It is not fun to pay for college later on and have nothing to show for it. With the continued help of our college professors and mentors, non traditional students will do better than they are now in school.Doing things the old fashion way may be the route taken, but it allows for proper learning, reading, and writing. Taking a short cut just to get the work done does not necessarily mean a good grade or a future career. Works Cited Bowl, Marion. â€Å"Experiencing the barriers: non traditional students entering higher education. † Research Papers and Education 16. 2 (2001): pp. 141-160. Web. 10 March 2013. Advisor Committee on Student Financial Assistance. Pathways to Success. Washington D. C. Advisor Committee. 2012. Print.

Employment Law: Equal Pay for women in the workplace

Research Question Has the Equality Act 2010 improved the way women are treated within the workplace with respect to equal pay? Hypothesis Statement The pre-existing struggles that women have been faced with in regards to equal pay have not been addressed by the recent reforms within this area. This is because, although the Equality Act 2010 was welcomed as a vehicle for the radical reform of equal pay, women are still treated less favourable than men. Accordingly, the problems that arose from the Equal Pay Act 1970 are still in existence and so further reform is needed if inequality is to be eradicated. Case Law Abdulla and others v Birmingham City Council [2013] 1 All ER 649 Allen v GMB [2008] EWCA Civ 810 Bates van Winkelhof v Clyde & Co LLP and another [2013] 1 All ER 844 Blackburn v West Midlands Police [2008] All ER (D) 50 (Nov) Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) Case C-t3/75 [1976] ECR 455 Eaton Ltd v Nuttall [1977] ICR 272 Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority Case Case C-127/92 [1993] ECR I – 5535 Redcar & Cleveland BC v Bainbridge; Surtees v Middlesbrough BC [2008] All ER (D) 386 (Jul) Ideas for Methodology Approach In undertaking the research for this study, both a quantitative and qualitative approach will be undertaken so that a comprehensive analysis can be made. Both primary and secondary research will therefore be adopted by looking at various academic opinions, relevant legal rules, theories and principles. This will be done by accessing text books, journal articles, online legal databases and governmental reports. These can be accessed by undertaking a library search as well online databases such as Lexis Nexis and Westlaw. Reference to Relevant Legal Theory and Social Policy Implications The rights of women and men to receive equal pay has been subject to continuous debate for some time and the fact that women are still being discriminated against in the workplace suggests that the law cannot â€Å"effect genuine equality† (Smart, 1989, p. 3). This has serious social policy implications since it is made clear under s. 11 of the 2010 Act that discrimination on the grounds of a person’s sex is a protected characteristic and is therefore prohibited. Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights 1951, as incorporated by the Human Rights Act 1998, also protects women from being discriminated against within the workplace. Nevertheless, the fact that many organisations fail to treat men and women the same when it comes to equal pay suggests that the law is unable to protect women from discriminatory treatment within the workplace. As put by Rhode (1990, p. 617); â€Å"gender equality cannot be obtained under existing ideological institutional structur es.† This causes legal implications in respect of equal pay and fails to allow equality for all to be attained (Wacks, 2012, p. 305). Relevant Books, Journals and Reports Baker, N. The Equality Act 2010. Company Secretary’s Review, Tolley’s Practical Business Fortnightly for Companies. 34 CSR 13, 102, Issue 13, (2010). Bamforth, N. Malik, M. and Cinneide, O. Discrimination Law: Theory and Context, Text and Materials, Sweet & Maxwell Ltd, 1st Edition, (2008). Connolly, M. Discrimination Law: Victimisation, Industrial Law Journal, ILJ 2002 31 (156) (2), Issue 2, (01 June, 2002). European Industrial Relations Review. Report on Gender Pay Gap, 388 European Industrial Relations Review 28, (2006). Equality and Human Rights Commission,.Equal Pay’ Creating a Fairer Britain, (2010), [available] from accessed 06 May, 2013. Pigott, C. Employment: A Step Change for Equality, New Law Journal, 160 NLJ 749, Issue 7419, (28 May, 2010). Pigott, C. Employment: Justifying Unequal Pay, New Law Journal, 159 NLJ 55, Issue 7352, (16 January, 2009). Wilson, D. Playing Fair, Pay & Benefits, 38. Issue 7, (2010). Rowbottom, D. Re-Inventing the Collective Approach to Equal Pay, 155 New Law Journal 1701. Issue 7200, (2005). Smart, C. (1989) Feminism and the Power of the Law, London, Routledge. Smith, I. and Baker, A. Smith & Wood’s Employment Law. OUP Oxford. 10th Edition, (2010). TUC. ‘The Union Makes Us Strong: TUC History Online’ [available] from accessed 05 May, 2013. Wacks, R., (2012) Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory, OUP Oxford, 3rd Edition.

A paper describing a current or emerging trend that has or will impact Essay

A paper describing a current or emerging trend that has or will impact occupational therapy service delivery - Essay Example The impact will not only mean an increase in health promotion based on value rather than volume but it will make the work of occupational therapists easier, make their clients more self-reliant and teach the whole community how to handle occupational therapy for their members. It will also reduce the current burden and work load occupational therapists are having as the number of people requiring this form of therapy will have reduced drastically with the new trend (Jaffe & Johnson, 2014). Research from the British Journal of Occupational Therapy indicates that with the current trend in occupational therapy, old age people between the ages of 60 and 90 were able to be better. After being introduced to the health promotion program for a period of 8 months, they were able to have better cognition, reduce their levels of depression, were less functionally dependent and were generally able to increase their quality of life (Mountain, Mozley, Craig & Ball, 2008). The occupational therapist’s service delivery to these aged people was therefore lessened as they only had to minimally assist them. In line with these positive transformations, the occupational therapists are therefore able to have more time to handle other different types of clients as they are not tied down handling only a few clients. Research indicates that majority of the occupational therapy clients are old people who have developed various forms of disabilities such as in their hearing, seeing, walking and even in terms of memory. The journal article by Turcotte, Carrier, Desrosiers & Levasseur, (2015) indicates that the current trend in occupational therapy can be able to assist the old people to prevent developing these disabilities or be in a position to manage them better in case they have developed. By so doing, they will have reduced drastically the amount of money and even time they spend on seeking health care for their